GEOGRAPHY-OBJ
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NECO GCE GEOGRAPHY ESSAY

NUMBER ONE

(1a) In a Tabular form

=Densely Populated Regions of the World=
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Eastern Asia
(ii) South Asia
(iii) Western Europe
(iv) South-East Asia
(v) North-Eastern United States of America
(vi) Coastal West Africa

=Sparsely Populated Regions of the World=
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Sahara Desert (North Africa)
(ii) Gobi Desert (Mongolia and China)
(iii) Amazon Basin (South America)
(iv) Greenland
(v) Antarctica
(vi) Siberia (Russia)

(1b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) For Economic Planning: The study of population structure helps the government to know the proportion of workers, dependants, and retirees in a country. This aids proper planning for employment, income generation, and poverty reduction.
(ii) For Educational Planning: By studying population structure, government can determine the number of children of school age. This helps in the planning of schools, teachers, classrooms, and educational facilities.
(iii) For Health Care Services: It helps in knowing the number of babies, youths, adults, and elderly people, which is useful for planning hospitals, clinics, maternity centres, and old people’s care.
(iv) For Manpower Development: Population structure reveals the size of the labour force available for different sectors of the economy such as agriculture, industry, and services.
(v) For Security and Defence Planning: It helps the government to know the number of able-bodied youths who can be recruited into security agencies and the armed forces.
(vi) For National Development Planning: Understanding population structure helps in planning housing, transportation, food supply, electricity, water supply, and other social amenities needed by different age groups.

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NECO GCE GEOGRAPHY ESSAY

NUMBER TWO

(2a)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Presence of waterfalls and rapids
(ii) Seasonal variation in water level
(iii) Silting and sedimentation
(iv) Obstruction by aquatic weeds
(v) Poor port and terminal facilities
(vi) Slow speed of movement

(2b)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Dredging of rivers and channels
(ii) Construction of canals and locks
(iii) Regular clearing of aquatic weeds
(iv) Building of modern ports and jetties
(v) Use of modern and faster boats
(vi) Government funding and maintenance

(2c)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Movement of bulky goods: Water transportation is used in carrying heavy and bulky goods such as crude oil, machinery, timber, coal and containers between countries at low cost.
(ii) Facilitates import and export trade: It links different countries of the world, making it possible for goods to be imported and exported in large quantities.
(iii) Reduces cost of transportation: Water transport is the cheapest means of transport for long distances, which helps to reduce the overall cost of international trade.
(iv) Promotes economic cooperation among nations: Through water transportation, countries exchange goods and services, which encourages friendly relations and economic partnerships.
(v) Encourages specialization and division of labour: Countries can concentrate on producing goods they have advantage in and export them to other countries through sea transport.
(vi) Promotes development of seaports and coastal cities: International water transport leads to the growth of major ports like Lagos, Rotterdam and New York, which boosts trade and employment.

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NECO GCE GEOGRAPHY ESSAY

NUMBER THREE

(3a)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Iron and steel industry
(ii) Aluminium industry
(iii) Glass manufacturing industry
(iv) Chemical industry
(v) Machine tools and heavy engineering industry
(vi) Shipbuilding and metal works industry

(3b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Availability of raw materials: Pittsburgh is located close to the Appalachian coal fields and the iron ore deposits of the Great Lakes region. The easy availability of coal and iron ore encouraged the early development of the iron and steel industries in the region.
(ii) Abundant sources of power: The region has access to cheap power from coal and hydro-electric power from the Ohio River and its tributaries. This steady power supply supports heavy industries like steel and aluminium.
(iii) Good transport network: Pittsburgh is well served by rivers such as the Ohio, Monongahela and Allegheny. It also has good road, rail and water transport links which make movement of raw materials and finished goods easy and cheap.
(iv) Large and skilled labour force: The growth of industries attracted many skilled and unskilled workers from different parts of the United States and from other countries. This steady supply of labour helped the industries to expand.
(v) Availability of ready market: Pittsburgh industries have access to a large market within the United States. Finished products are easily sold in nearby industrial and urban centres.
(vi) Availability of capital and government support: Many rich investors, banks and financial institutions are present in the region. Government policies also encouraged industrial growth through infrastructure development and industrial incentives.

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NECO GCE GEOGRAPHY ESSAY

NUMBER FOUR

(4a)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) It helps to provide labour for industries and farms
(ii) It reduces population pressure in overpopulated areas
(iii) It promotes national unity and integration
(iv) It leads to the spread of skills and knowledge
(v) It encourages urban growth and development
(vi) It improves the standard of living of migrants

(4b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Increase in population size
(ii) Growth of towns and cities
(iii) Pressure on housing and social amenities
(iv) Increase in unemployment
(v) Rise in crime rate
(vi) Environmental pollution

(4c)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Economic factors: Many people migrate from rural areas to cities like Lagos, Abuja and Port Harcourt in search of better-paying jobs and improved economic opportunities.
(ii) Educational factors: People move to places where good schools, colleges and universities are located in order to further their education.
(iii) Social factors: Some people migrate to enjoy better social amenities such as good roads, electricity, water supply, hospitals and entertainment centres.
(iv) Political factors: Political instability, insecurity, communal clashes and terrorism force people to migrate from unsafe areas to safer regions.
(v) Environmental factors: Flooding, drought, desertification and erosion push people to leave their original homes in search of safer environments.
(vi) Marriage and family reasons: People may migrate due to marriage, family reunion or to join relations in another part of the country.
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NECO GCE GEOGRAPHY (PRACTICAL & PHYSICAL)

(1a & 1b)

(1ci)
The river on the map flow from North-south and the pattern of river is dendritic. The relief is about 800m high.

(1cii)
(PICK ANY ONE)
(i) Fishing
(ii) Livestock farming
(iii) Transportation

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NECO GCE GEOGRAPHY (PRACTICAL & PHYSICAL)

(2ai)
(PICK ANY ONE)
The solar system is defined as the sun and everything that orbits it, including all the planets, their moons, asteroids, and other celestial bodies.

OR

The term solar system refers to the collection of the Sun and all the celestial bodies that are bound by its gravity. This includes planets, moons (also known as satellites), asteroids, comets, and meteoroids, and dwarf planets..

OR

The solar system refers to the sun at the centre and the various objects orbiting it, such as the eight planets, their satellites, dwarf planets and other smaller bodies.

(2aii)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) It provides sunlight which is essential for plant photosynthesis and supports all life on earth.
(ii) It helps in determining time, seasons and calendars used for agriculture and human activities.
(iii) It influences climate and weather patterns that affect farming, transportation and settlement.
(iv) It provides energy sources such as solar power which is used for electricity and heating.

(2b)
[img]https://i.ibb.co/0jN23CRz/Cam-Scanner-12-03-2025-22-59.jpg[/img]

(i) Summer Solstice (around June 21) –
During this period, the Northern Hemisphere tilts fully toward the sun. As a result, it experiences the longest day and the shortest night of the year. This marks the official beginning of summer in the Northern Hemisphere.

(ii) Autumnal Equinox (around September 23) – At this point in Earth’s orbit, the axis is neither tilted toward nor away from the sun. Sunlight is evenly distributed, making day and night almost equal in length everywhere. This signals the start of autumn in the Northern Hemisphere.

(iii) Winter Solstice (around December 22) – Here, the Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from the sun. It receives the least amount of sunlight, leading to the shortest day and the longest night of the year. This marks the beginning of winter in the Northern Hemisphere.

(iv) Vernal or Spring Equinox (around March 21) – Once again, Earth’s axis is not tilted toward or away from the sun. Day and night become equal in length across the globe. This position ushers in the start of spring in the Northern Hemisphere.

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NECO GCE GEOGRAPHY (PRACTICAL & PHYSICAL)

(3a)
(i) Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks.
Example: Sandstone

(ii) Chemically formed sedimentary rocks.
Example: Rock salt

(iii) Organically formed sedimentary rocks.
Example: Limestone

(3b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Rocks provide mineral resources such as gold, coal, salt and petroleum.
(ii) They serve as raw materials for construction, e.g., granite for building and marble for decoration.
(iii) Rocks help in soil formation through weathering.
(iv) They influence the relief of an area, such as mountains, plateaus and valleys.
(v) Some rocks provide underground water storage through porous rock layers.
(vi) They serve as tourist attractions, such as rock outcrops and unique formations.

(3c)
(i) Mechanically formed rocks originate from the accumulation of broken rock fragments, while chemically formed rocks originate from the precipitation of dissolved minerals.

(ii) Mechanically formed rocks are usually coarse or gritty in texture, while chemically formed rocks tend to be fine-grained or crystalline.

(iii) Mechanically formed rocks are commonly found in river beds, deserts and coastal areas, while chemically formed rocks are often found in evaporating basins such as salt lakes.

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NECO GCE GEOGRAPHY (PRACTICAL & PHYSICAL)

(4a)
(PICK ANY ONE)
Climate change refers to a long-term alteration in the average weather conditions of the earth or a specific region. It involves changes in temperature, rainfall patterns, wind, and the frequency of extreme weather events over an extended period.

OR

Climate change is the persistent shift in global or regional climate patterns, mainly caused by natural factors and human activities. It results in rising temperatures, irregular rainfall, melting ice, and more frequent climatic extremes.

(4b)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Burning of fossil fuels: The combustion of coal, oil, and gas for electricity, transportation and industries releases large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This increases the greenhouse effect, trapping heat and warming the earth.

(ii) Deforestation: Cutting down trees reduces the planet’s ability to absorb carbon dioxide. As forests are cleared for farming, settlement or logging, more CO₂ remains in the atmosphere, contributing to rising temperatures.

(iii) Industrial activities: Factories emit greenhouse gases such as methane, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide. These gases accumulate in the atmosphere and enhance global warming, leading to long-term climate shifts.

(iv) Agricultural activities: Farming practices such as rice cultivation and cattle rearing release methane, a powerful greenhouse gas. Excessive use of fertilizers also emits nitrous oxide, contributing to climate change.

(v) Volcanic eruptions: Large eruptions release ash and gases into the atmosphere. Some of these gases contribute to global warming, while ash clouds can temporarily alter temperatures.

(vi) Improper waste disposal: When waste decomposes in landfills, it produces methane. Poor waste management thus increases greenhouse gas levels and contributes to climate change.

(4c)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Climate change causes more diseases such as malaria, heat stress and respiratory problems.
(ii) It leads to food shortages because crops do not grow well during droughts or floods.
(iii) It brings more extreme weather events like storms, heatwaves and heavy flooding.
(iv) It causes water scarcity because rainfall becomes irregular and rivers dry up.
(v) It makes many people lose their source of livelihood, especially farmers and fishermen.
(vi) It leads to rising sea levels which flood coastal areas and destroy homes.

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(5a)
Characteristics of a Dyke:
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) It is a vertical or steeply inclined sheet of igneous rock.
(ii) It cuts across the bedding planes of surrounding rocks.
(iii) It forms when magma forces its way through cracks and solidifies.
(iv) It often appears as a wall-like structure on the landscape.
(v) It is usually fine-grained because the magma cools quickly.
(vi) It can occur singly or as multiple parallel dykes.

Characteristics of a Batholith:
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) It is a very large mass of intrusive igneous rock.
(ii) It forms deep within the earth’s crust.
(iii) It has an irregular shape and covers a wide area.
(iv) It becomes exposed at the surface after erosion removes overlying rocks.
(v) It cools slowly and is therefore coarse-grained.
(vi) It often forms mountain cores when uplifted.

(5b)

NECO GCE GEOGRAPHY (PRACTICAL & PHYSICAL)

(6a)

(6b)

NECO GCE GEOGRAPHY (PRACTICAL & PHYSICAL)

(7a)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Planting cover crops to protect the soil surface.
(ii) Constructing terraces on slopes to reduce runoff.
(iii) Practising contour ploughing to slow the flow of water.
(iv) Establishing windbreaks to reduce wind erosion.
(v) Mulching the soil to reduce the impact of raindrops.
(vi) Building drainage channels to safely direct excess water.

(7b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Deforestation: Deforestation exposes the soil by removing trees and vegetation that naturally protect the ground. Without roots to bind the soil, rainfall easily washes particles away. The bare land becomes more vulnerable to runoff, resulting in rapid loss of topsoil and increased erosion.

(ii) Overgrazing: When too many animals feed on the same land, grasses and shrubs are removed faster than they can grow back. This leaves the soil uncovered and compacted by hoof action. Reduced vegetation and poor soil structure allow rain and wind to erode the soil quickly.

(iii) Poor farming practices: Improper cultivation methods such as continuous tilling, up-and-down slope farming, and lack of crop rotation weaken soil structure. These practices expose the soil, reduce organic matter, and increase runoff. As water flows over the surface, it easily detaches and transports loose soil particles.

(iv) Heavy rainfall: Intense or prolonged rainfall strikes bare soil with force, loosening soil particles. Once detached, excess water creates runoff that carries the loosened particles downhill. With repeated heavy storms, rills and gullies form, removing large quantities of fertile topsoil and degrading the land.

(v) Urbanisation and construction: Clearing land for buildings, roads, and other infrastructure removes vegetation and disturbs the soil surface. Heavy machinery compacts the ground, increasing runoff. With no plant cover to protect the soil, rainfall easily washes it away, causing significant erosion in developing areas.

(vi) Wind action in dry regions: In arid and semi-arid areas, the soil is often dry, loose, and lacking vegetation. Strong winds lift and transport fine particles over long distances. This process gradually removes the topsoil, reduces soil fertility, and leads to the formation of bare, degraded land surfaces.

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NECO GCE GEOGRAPHY (PRACTICAL & PHYSICAL)

(8a)
(PICK ANY ONE)
Geographical data in GIS refers to information that describes the location, shape, and attributes of features on the earth’s surface. It includes data about natural and human-made features that can be mapped, analyzed, and interpreted for decision-making.

OR

Geographical data in GIS is any spatial information that shows where things are found on the earth and what characteristics they have. It combines positional data with descriptive details to help understand patterns, relationships, and distributions across space.

(8b)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Satellite imagery.
(ii) Aerial photographs.
(iii) Field surveying.
(iv) Remote sensing devices.
(v) GPS data collection.
(vi) Existing maps and atlases.

(8c)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Land use planning: Geographical data guides how land should be used by showing the distribution of physical and human features. It helps planners choose suitable sites for farming, housing, industries, and roads, ensuring sustainable development and preventing misuse of land resources.

(ii) Environmental management: Environmental officers use geographical data to identify areas affected by erosion, deforestation, flooding, or pollution. By understanding the extent of environmental problems, they can design effective control measures, monitor changes over time, and protect fragile ecosystems from further damage.

(iii) Transportation planning: Transportation authorities rely on geographical data to study road networks, traffic patterns, and population spread. This information helps them improve existing routes, create new ones, reduce congestion, and provide safer, more efficient movement of goods and people.

(iv) Disaster management: Disaster response teams use geographical data to map hazard zones such as floodplains, landslide-prone slopes, and earthquake areas. It helps predict risks, plan evacuation routes, allocate relief materials, and respond quickly when emergencies occur, reducing loss of lives and property.

(v) Economic development: Decision-makers use geographical data to identify areas with economic potential such as mineral deposits, fertile land, forests, or tourism attractions. This guides investment, encourages balanced regional growth, and helps governments plan projects that improve livelihoods and create employment opportunities.

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