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WAEC GCE 2026 IRs Questions and Answers: Essay & Objective Answers Guid

NUMBER 1

(1ai)
Sahih Muslim (الجامع الصحيح)

(1aii)
It holds the second position in status and authenticity among the major Hadith collections, ranked immediately after Sahih al-Bukhari. Together, they are known as the Sahihayn (the two authentic books).

WAEC GCE 2026 IRs Questions and Answers: Essay & Objective Answers Guide

(1aiii)
(i) Sahih al-Bukhari – Author: Imām Muhammad ibn Ismail al-Bukhari
(ii) Sunan an-Nasa’i – Author: Imām Ahmad ibn Shu’ayb an-Nasa’i
Alternatively: Sunan Abi Dawud by Imām Abu Dawud, Sunan al-Tirmidhi by Imām al-Tirmidhi, or Sunan Ibn Majah by Imām Ibn Majah.

(1b)
(i) Strict Continuity of the Chain (Ittisal al-Sanad): Imām Muslim insisted that every transmitter (rawi) in the chain must have directly met or coexisted in the same era as the person they reported from, ensuring an unbroken link back to Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.).
(ii) Scrutiny of Narrator Integrity (Adalah and Dabt): He thoroughly investigated the character, honesty, piety, and memory retention of each narrator. He only accepted reports from those who were deeply pious, truthful, and intellectually capable of accurately preserving text.
(iii) Cross-Referencing and Corroboration: He compared different chains of narrations for the exact same text (matn) to detect any subtle discrepancies (‘Illah) or irregularities (Shudhudh), filtering out versions containing human errors.

(1c)
(i) Clarification of the Qur’an: Hadiths provide necessary context, details, and explanations for general verses in the Holy Qur’an, such as explaining exactly how to perform daily prayers (Salah) or calculate charity (Zakat).
(ii) Source of Islamic Law (Shari’ah): Authentic Hadiths serve as the secondary primary source of Islamic jurisprudence, establishing legal rulings on matters not explicitly detailed in the Qur’an, such as specific business ethics and dietary laws.
(iii) Preservation of the Sunnah: Studying these texts keeps the authentic teachings, practices, and silent approvals of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) alive and accurately preserved from fabrications across generations.
(iv) Moral and Ethical Guidance: They offer practical life lessons on character development, humility, kindness, and neighborly relations, modeling how a Muslim should conduct themselves daily based on the Prophet’s exemplary character.
(v) Spiritual Growth and Perfection of Worship: They provide detailed invocations (Du’as), voluntary prayers, and spiritual insights that help Muslims draw closer to Allah and perform their acts of worship correctly.

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WAEC GCE 2026 IRs Questions and Answers: Essay & Objective Answers Guide

NUMBER 4

(4a)
(i) Suhur (Pre-dawn meal): Waking up before dawn to eat a blessed meal and making the formal intention (Niyyah) to fast.
(ii) Tahajjud and Fajr Prayer: Performing voluntary night prayers followed by the obligatory Fajr prayer in congregation at dawn.
(iii) Tilawah (Quran Recitation): Devoting significant parts of the day to reading, memorizing, and reflecting on the Holy Quran.
(iv) Dhikr and Good Conduct: Maintaining daily work or studies while engaging in constant remembrance of Allah and strictly avoiding gossip, anger, or foul language.
(v) Iftar (Breaking the fast): Breaking the fast promptly at sunset, traditionally with dates and water, followed immediately by the Maghrib prayer.
(vi) Taraweeh (Night Prayers): Attending the mosque after the Isha prayer to observe long congregational voluntary prayers.

(4b)
(i) The Sick: Individuals whose health condition would deteriorate or whose recovery would be delayed by fasting.
(ii) Travelers: Anyone undertaking a journey that meets the distance and criteria allowing them to shorten prayers.
(iii) Pregnant or Breastfeeding Women: Women who fear that fasting might harm their health or the well-being of their child.
(iv) Women in Menstruation (Hayd) or Post-natal Bleeding (Nifas): Women undergoing these natural cycles are legally prohibited from fasting and must make up the missed days later.

(4c)
(i) Intentional Eating or Drinking: Consuming food, liquids, or oral medications deliberately during daylight hours.
(ii) Intentional Vomiting: Purposefully inducing vomiting.
(iii) Sexual Intercourse: Engaging in marital relations during the hours of fasting between dawn and sunset.
(iv) Onset of Menstruation or Post-natal Bleeding: The beginning of Hayd or Nifas, even if it occurs just moments before sunset.
(v) Apostasy (Riddah): Renouncing the Islamic faith instantly invalidates all acts of worship.

(4d)
(i) Spiritual Growth (Taqwa): Builds ultimate God-consciousness, self-restraint, and a deeper closeness to Allah by sacrificing physical desires.
(ii) Social Empathy and Solidarity: Experiencing hunger fosters a deep sympathy for the poor and less fortunate, uniting the community and encouraging charity (Sadakah).
(iii) Physical and Health Benefits: Gives the human digestive system a rest, aids in cellular detoxification, and improves metabolic regulation.
(iv) Expiation of Sins: Serves as a divine spiritual reset button, cleansing a believer’s spiritual slate when performed with sincere faith and hope for reward.

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WAEC GCE 2026 IRs Questions and Answers: Essay & Objective Answers Guide

NUMBER 5

(5a)
(i) Trans-Saharan Trade: Borno’s strategic location along the major North-South trade routes allowed Muslim merchants from North Africa to introduce Islamic ideas alongside commercial goods.
(ii) Conversion of the Rulers (The Mais): The official adoption of Islam by prominent rulers, notably Mai Hume Jilmi in the late 11th century, made Islam the state religion and encouraged widespread conversion among subjects.
(iii) Activities of Islamic Scholars: Traveling clerics and scholars (Ulama) from North Africa and neighboring regions settled in Borno, building mosques and actively preaching to the local population.
(iv) Establishment of Islamic Education: The creation of Quranic schools and centers of literacy made Islamic teachings highly accessible, integrating the faith into the upbringing of youth.
(v) Diplomatic and Pilgrimage Ties: Rulers like Mai Dunama Dibbalemi established strong diplomatic links with North African Islamic states and built a hostel in Cairo for Borno pilgrims, strengthening international Islamic solidarity.

(5b)
(i) Adoption of Sharia Law: Traditional legal customs were replaced or modified by Islamic jurisprudence (Sharia), standardizing the judicial system and governance.
(ii) Growth of Arabic Literacy: Arabic became the language of administration, diplomacy, and record-keeping, which significantly boosted literacy and intellectual documentation.
(iii) Emergence as an Intellectual Hub: Borno developed into a renowned center of Islamic scholarship in West Africa, attracting scholars and producing extensive collections of manuscripts.
(iv) Social and Cultural Transformation: Islamic values reshaped daily life, introducing new modes of dressing, dietary habits, marriage customs, and social ethics.
(v) Economic and Commercial Expansion: A shared Islamic faith fostered deep trust with international Muslim merchants, greatly accelerating Borno’s trade prosperity and economic influence.

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WAEC GCE 2026 IRs Questions and Answers: Essay & Objective Answers Guide

NUMBER 6

(6a)
(i) First Educator (Al-Madrasatul Ula): Acts as the primary teacher, shaping the child’s early moral, cognitive, and spiritual foundation.
(ii) Nurturing Islamic Values (Tarbiyah): Teaches foundational Islamic beliefs (Aqeedah), basic prayers (Salah), and excellent character traits (Akhlaq).
(iii) Providing Emotional Security: Offers unconditional love, affection, and warmth to foster psychological well-being and confidence.
(iv) Instilling Discipline: Establishes boundaries, teaches social manners, and corrects behavior through gentle guidance and good role modeling.
(v) Managing Physical Well-being: Safeguards health, nutritional needs, cleanliness, and physical safety during growth.

(6b)
(i) Utmost Respect in Speech: Avoids any expression of impatience or disrespect (such as saying “Uff”) and speaks to them with honor.
(ii) Complete Obedience: Follows their commands and guidance willingly in all matters, provided they do not conflict with Islamic law.
(iii) Showing Humility: Lowers the “wing of humility” out of true compassion, treating them gently and avoiding arrogance.
(iv) Praying for Their Mercy: Constantly supplicates to Allah for their forgiveness, well-being, and mercy, both during their lifetime and after their death.
(v) Financial Care and Support: Maintains and provides for their physical needs, shelter, and comfort, particularly during their old age.

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WAEC GCE 2026 IRs Questions and Answers: Essay & Objective Answers Guide

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