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CIVIC EDUCATION
1-10: ECCDEADDED
11-20: BBEDAAEBAA
21-30: BADACEBBEC
31-40: ADCABABCDE
41-50: CBDCDECDAD
51-60: BECCCDADAD

NECO GCE CIVIC EDUCATION THEORY 

(1a)
(PICK ANY ONE)
Cultism is the practice of belonging to a secret group whose activities are hidden from the public and involve oath-taking, rituals, and violent or unlawful behaviours. These groups operate underground and often cause fear, disorder, and insecurity within schools and communities.

OR

Cultism refers to membership in clandestine associations that demand total loyalty, engage in harmful acts, carry out secret initiations, and promote violence. Such groups operate outside the law and disrupt peace and normal academic activities within educational institutions.

(1b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Peer Influence: Many students join cult groups because of pressure from friends who are already members. They are convinced that joining the group will make them popular, respected, or feared. Some lack confidence and want to fit in, so they follow their peers into cultism without considering the dangers or long-term consequences.

(ii) Poor Parental Guidance: The rise of broken homes, absent parents, and lack of moral training leaves many students without proper values. When parents do not monitor their children closely, the children easily fall into wrong associations. The absence of discipline and strong home supervision makes students vulnerable to recruitment by cultists who promise protection and belonging.

(iii) Search for Protection: Bullying, intimidation, and insecurity in some schools push students into cult groups for self-defence. Many believe that belonging to a feared group will shield them from harassment. This false sense of safety attracts vulnerable students who feel unsafe and see cult membership as the only way to avoid victimisation.

(iv) Influence of Media and Popular Culture: Some movies, music, and online content wrongly portray cultists as powerful, brave, or influential. Young people easily absorb these messages and begin to admire such lifestyles. Social media also allows cult groups to showcase their activities, attract attention, and recruit curious students who want to imitate what they see online.

(v) Weak School Administration: Some schools lack strong disciplinary systems and proper monitoring of student behaviour. Where school authorities fail to enforce rules or punish wrongdoing, secret groups grow easily. The absence of guidance counsellors, security checks, and stiff penalties creates a fertile ground for students to secretly organise and operate cult activities.

(vi) Corrupt Society and Bad Role Models: Nigeria’s society sometimes celebrates wealth and influence gained through questionable means. When students observe adults engaging in corruption, violence, and wrongdoing without consequences, they begin to see such behaviour as normal. This negative environment encourages young people to join cult groups in search of quick recognition, power, and social acceptance.
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(2)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Truthfulness: Truthfulness means presenting facts exactly as they are without adding lies, exaggerations, or misleading statements. A truthful person does not hide important information or deceive others for personal benefit. This attribute helps build trust, strengthens relationships, and promotes peace in any environment because people know that whatever the individual says is reliable and accurate.

(ii) Sincerity: Sincerity is the ability to speak and act from a genuine heart without pretending or harbouring hidden motives. A sincere person expresses their true intentions honestly and respectfully. They do not manipulate people or say one thing while thinking another. This attribute promotes confidence, mutual respect, and open communication because people know the individual is real and dependable.

(iii) Straightforwardness: Straightforwardness refers to being open, clear, and direct in one’s words and actions. A straightforward person communicates without playing tricks, using deceitful language, or confusing others. They say things exactly as they are, respectfully but boldly. This attribute eliminates misunderstanding, promotes clarity in relationships, and helps others trust the person’s message because it is simple, honest, and unambiguous.

(iv) Transparency: Transparency is the quality of being open and willing to let others understand one’s thoughts, decisions, and actions. A transparent person does not hide vital information or behave secretly when dealing with others. They provide clear explanations and operate in the open. This attribute encourages accountability, reduces suspicion, and builds trust in homes, schools, workplaces, and public institutions.

(v) Fairness: Fairness involves treating every individual equally and making decisions without partiality, favouritism, or discrimination. A fair person ensures that everyone receives what they deserve based on merit, truth, and justice. This attribute helps maintain peace and unity, as people trust that outcomes are not influenced by bias. Fairness strengthens integrity and supports a just society where people feel respected.

(vi) Integrity: Integrity means maintaining strong moral principles and doing the right thing at all times, even in private when no one is watching. A person with integrity does not compromise their values for money, pressure, or personal gain. They remain honest and consistent in character. This attribute builds great respect, promotes trustworthiness, and establishes a solid reputation in society.

(vii) Reliability: Reliability is the ability to keep promises, honour commitments, and carry out responsibilities faithfully. A reliable person does not disappoint because they follow through on what they say. Whether in school, work, or family life, people trust them to deliver results. This attribute strengthens cooperation, improves teamwork, and makes the person dependable and respected by others.

(viii) Accountability: Accountability is taking responsibility for one’s actions and accepting the consequences, whether good or bad. An accountable person admits mistakes, learns from them, and avoids shifting blame to innocent people. This attribute promotes discipline, maturity, and growth. It also builds trust in any community because people know the individual is honest enough to own up to their behaviour.
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3a)
(PICK ANY ONE)
Interpersonal relationship refers to the social connection or association that exists between two or more people who interact, share ideas, communicate, and influence one another. It is built through trust, understanding, cooperation, and mutual respect.

OR

Interpersonal relationship is the bond formed between individuals through continuous interaction and communication. It involves emotional closeness, shared experiences, and supportive behaviour that help people work together effectively in families, schools, workplaces, and communities.

(3b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Effective Communication: Communication is one of the strongest pillars of a successful marriage. Both partners must be willing to talk openly about their thoughts, feelings, and challenges without fear or hostility. Good communication helps them understand each other better, prevents unnecessary conflict, and promotes emotional closeness. When couples express themselves honestly, they build trust and maintain a healthy, stable relationship.

(ii) Trust and Loyalty: Trust enables partners to feel safe and secure in the marriage. It involves honesty, faithfulness, and keeping promises. When couples trust each other, they avoid suspicion, jealousy, and unnecessary misunderstandings. Loyalty strengthens emotional commitment and gives each partner confidence that the other will stand by them. Trust is essential for long-term stability, happiness, and peaceful coexistence.

(iii) Financial Cooperation: Money is often a cause of conflict in marriages, so couples must plan their finances together. This includes budgeting, saving, spending wisely, and being transparent about income and expenses. Financial cooperation reduces tension, encourages teamwork, and helps the family achieve goals. When partners manage money responsibly, they avoid unnecessary arguments and create a stable home environment.

(iv) Mutual Respect: Respect means valuing each other’s opinions, feelings, and boundaries. A respectful partner listens attentively, avoids abusive behaviour, and treats the other person with dignity. Mutual respect allows both individuals to feel important and appreciated. It also prevents violence, emotional harm, and conflict. When respect is present, the marriage becomes peaceful, supportive, and emotionally balanced.

(v) Love and Emotional Support: Love strengthens the emotional bond between partners and brings warmth, care, and compassion into the marriage. Emotional support means being available during difficult moments and celebrating each other’s successes. When couples show affection and stand by each other, they build a strong sense of security. This deep connection helps them endure challenges and maintain long-term happiness.

(vi) Patience and Understanding: Every marriage faces disagreements, stress, and differences in personality. Patience allows partners to handle these issues calmly without rushing into anger or judgment. Understanding helps them put themselves in each other’s shoes, recognise weaknesses, and forgive mistakes. When couples are patient and understanding, they reduce conflict and create a peaceful, harmonious relationship.

(vii) Shared Responsibilities: A successful marriage requires both partners to contribute to household duties, childcare, financial commitments, and decision-making. Sharing responsibilities prevents one person from feeling overwhelmed or unappreciated. It promotes fairness, cooperation, and unity within the home. When couples work together as a team, they build a strong foundation for stability and long-lasting partnership.
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(4a)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Public service provides essential services that allow government activities to run smoothly.
(ii) It helps implement government policies for the welfare and development of citizens.
(iii) Public service creates employment opportunities for both skilled and unskilled workers.
(iv) It promotes national development by ensuring the smooth execution of government programmes.
(v) Public service maintains law, order, and stability through institutions like the police, courts, and regulatory bodies.

(4b)
(PICK ANY FOUR )
(i) Corruption and Mismanagement: Corruption is one of the major reasons for the poor performance of the public service. Some officials misuse public funds, demand bribes, or delay services for personal gain. This leads to wastage of resources and reduces public trust. As corruption increases, efficiency drops and government programmes fail to achieve meaningful impact in society.

(ii) Political Interference: Excessive involvement of politicians disrupts the smooth functioning of the public service. Political leaders often influence appointments, promotions, and decision-making, favouring loyalists instead of competent professionals. This results in inefficiency, slow service delivery, and lack of continuity in government programmes. Public servants become more loyal to political godfathers than to the nation’s development.

(iii) Inadequate Funding: Many public service departments do not receive the financial resources they need to function effectively. Lack of funds leads to shortage of equipment, outdated tools, poor infrastructure, and low motivation among workers. Without proper funding, departments cannot provide quality services, meet modern standards, or respond promptly to public needs, causing widespread inefficiency.

(iv) Lack of Professionalism: Some public servants do not adhere to professional ethics such as punctuality, discipline, accountability, and dedication. Poor attitude to work, lateness, and refusal to take responsibility affect service delivery. When employees lack professionalism, government institutions become slow, unreliable, and unproductive. This reduces public confidence and causes frustration among citizens seeking services.

(v) Inadequate Training and Skill Development: Many public servants do not receive proper training to update their skills. Lack of workshops, seminars, and capacity-building programmes makes workers outdated and unable to adapt to modern administrative systems. Without continuous learning, they struggle with technology, new policies, and complex tasks. This reduces efficiency and weakens overall productivity in the public sector.

(vi) Bureaucratic Red-Tape: Public service procedures are often slow and filled with unnecessary paperwork. This rigid bureaucracy delays decision-making and frustrates citizens who need quick solutions. Workers spend too much time following long processes instead of delivering results. Bureaucratic bottlenecks lead to delays in projects, discourage innovation, and contribute significantly to public dissatisfaction with government services.

(vii) Poor Working Conditions: Many government offices lack modern facilities, proper ventilation, reliable electricity, and adequate equipment. These poor working conditions reduce motivation and productivity among workers. When employees operate in an uncomfortable or poorly maintained environment, they become less committed and slower in attending to public needs. This leads to low service quality and inefficiency.
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(5)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Promotion of National Unity: Citizenship education teaches individuals the values of togetherness, tolerance, and peaceful coexistence among people from different ethnic, religious, and cultural backgrounds. By helping citizens understand their shared identity and respect for diversity, it reduces conflicts and promotes harmony. This unity strengthens national stability and encourages collective efforts towards development.

(ii) Development of Responsible Citizens: It trains individuals to understand their rights, duties, and responsibilities within society. Citizens learn to obey laws, respect authority, protect public property, and participate in community development. When people act responsibly, crime reduces, public order improves, and the country becomes more stable and secure, paving the way for meaningful development.

(iii) Encouragement of Political Participation: Citizenship education equips people with political awareness, helping them understand how government works and why their involvement matters. This motivates citizens to vote, attend civic meetings, and hold leaders accountable. Active participation improves governance, reduces corruption, and promotes stable political systems that support national growth.

(iv) Promotion of National Consciousness and Patriotism: It helps citizens develop love for their country and commitment to protecting its interests. Through lessons on national symbols, history, and values, people become more willing to support national projects, obey rules, and contribute to national development. Patriotism encourages loyalty and reduces activities that threaten peace and stability.

(v) Reduction of Social Vices: Citizenship education discourages harmful behaviours such as corruption, cultism, drug abuse, violence, and election malpractice. By teaching moral values, discipline, and respect for human rights, it guides individuals towards positive behaviour. This reduction in social vices promotes safety, peace, and a conducive environment for development.

(vi) Strengthening of Democratic Culture: It helps citizens understand democratic principles such as rule of law, equity, freedom of expression, and accountability. When citizens appreciate these values, they support democratic institutions and protect them from abuse. A strong democratic culture reduces political instability, encourages good governance, and enhances development.

(vii) Promotion of Economic Development: Citizenship education encourages hard work, honesty, productivity, and respect for public resources. These values help reduce corruption and wastage, allowing government funds to be used effectively. When citizens become productive and responsible, the economy grows, employment increases, and living standards improve.

(viii) Conflict Prevention and Peacebuilding: It teaches conflict resolution, dialogue, cooperation, and peaceful problem-solving. Citizens learn to settle disagreements without violence and understand the importance of respecting others’ rights. This culture of peace reduces clashes, strengthens security, and creates a stable environment for national growth and development.
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(6)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Increase in Crime and Insecurity: Negative values such as greed, dishonesty, and lack of self-discipline encourage crimes like theft, fraud, armed robbery, drug trafficking, and cultism. As more people engage in such acts, insecurity rises and communities become unsafe. This discourages investment, disrupts social activities, and forces government to spend more on security instead of development projects. Ultimately, crime weakens national stability.

(ii) Corruption: When negative values dominate society, corruption becomes widespread in both public and private sectors. Public officials may demand bribes, inflate contracts, or divert funds meant for development. This results in poor infrastructure, inadequate social services, and slow economic progress. Corruption destroys citizens’ confidence in government and increases poverty because national wealth is wasted instead of being used for public good.

(iii) Breakdown of Trust Among Citizens: Values such as lying, cheating, and betrayal weaken trust among individuals, families, and institutions. People become suspicious of one another and find it difficult to cooperate. Without trust, teamwork becomes weak, relationships collapse, and progress slows. A society where people cannot rely on each other experiences constant conflict, instability, and poor social coordination, making development very difficult.

(iv) Bad Governance: Leaders who embrace negative values, such as dishonesty, pride, selfishness, and abuse of power, govern poorly. Their actions lead to injustice, unfair policies, mismanagement, and lack of accountability. Citizens lose confidence in government and may engage in protests or resistance. Bad governance affects national development because resources are misused and important public needs are ignored or poorly addressed.

(v) Decline in Moral Standards: When negative values become common, society’s moral standards fall. Behaviours like disrespect, laziness, irresponsibility, and immorality become accepted as normal. This weakens cultural values, reduces discipline among youths, and increases social problems. A decline in morals affects education, workplace behaviour, and general social order. Without strong morals, a society finds it difficult to maintain peace and progress.

(vi) Weakening of Family and Social Institutions: Negative values such as domestic violence, infidelity, dishonesty, and irresponsibility weaken family stability. When families break down, children grow up without proper guidance and may adopt harmful behaviours. This increases cases of school dropout, cultism, drug abuse, and street children. Weak family structures also weaken schools, religious institutions, and community organisations that normally help maintain social order and discipline.

(vii) Economic Backwardness: Negative values lead to poor work attitudes, lateness, laziness, and fraud in workplaces. Productivity reduces because workers do not take their duties seriously or engage in corrupt practices. Investors avoid environments where dishonesty and instability are common. This slows economic growth, increases unemployment, and leads to poverty. A country cannot achieve meaningful development when its workforce lacks positive values.

(viii) Increase in Social Conflicts: Values such as intolerance, hatred, discrimination, and selfishness quickly lead to conflicts among ethnic groups, religions, communities, and political parties. These conflicts cause loss of lives, destruction of property, and displacement of citizens. Frequent conflicts disrupt education, business activities, and government operations. A society filled with conflict cannot experience peace, stability, or sustainable development.
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(7a)
(PICK ANY ONE)
Traditional authority refers to the type of authority that is based on long-standing customs, cultural practices, and inherited leadership. It is exercised by traditional rulers such as kings, chiefs, emirs, and obas, whose positions are recognised and respected by their communities.

OR

Traditional authority is the legitimate power given to individuals based on age, lineage, tradition, or cultural norms. It is passed down through generations and accepted by the people because it is rooted in their history, customs, and belief systems.

(7b)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Maintenance of Law and Order: Constituted authority helps maintain peace, law, and order within society. Institutions such as the police, courts, and government officials ensure that rules are followed and offenders are punished. By enforcing the law fairly, they reduce violence, crime, and social disorder. This allows citizens to go about their daily activities safely and promotes stability and development.

(ii) Protection of Citizens’ Rights: Constituted authorities protect the rights and freedoms of individuals through laws and constitutional provisions. They prevent discrimination, oppression, and abuse by ensuring that everyone is treated fairly. Institutions such as the judiciary safeguard human rights and provide justice when violations occur. This protection encourages citizens to trust their government and participate actively in national development.

(iii) Provision of Social and Public Services,: Government and public institutions provide essential services such as education, healthcare, transportation, water supply, and security. These services help improve citizens’ living standards and support national progress. Constituted authority ensures that resources are allocated, projects are completed, and public facilities function effectively. Without such organised authority, development would be slow and uneven.

(iv) Promotion of National Unity and Stability: Constituted authorities help strengthen unity by creating policies that promote peaceful coexistence among different ethnic, religious, and cultural groups. They resolve disputes, manage crises, and prevent conflicts through dialogue and law enforcement. By ensuring fairness and equality, constituted authorities help maintain national stability, which is essential for economic growth and social development.

(v) Implementation of Government Policies and Development Plans: Constituted authorities translate government policies into action. They plan, supervise, and execute development programmes such as road construction, educational reforms, and economic projects. Their efficient performance determines how quickly development reaches the citizens. Without constituted authority, policies would remain on paper and national growth would be impossible.

(7c)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Honesty
(ii) Integrity
(iii) Vision
(iv) Accountability
(v) Self-discipline
(vi) Good communication skills
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(8)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Mass Media: The mass media include radio, television, newspapers, magazines, and online platforms that spread information to large audiences. They influence people’s opinions, attitudes, lifestyle choices, and behaviour through news, advertisements, entertainment, and educational programmes. Mass media expose individuals to different cultures and ideas, shaping their worldview. They also play a major role in political awareness and public enlightenment within society.

(ii) Family: The family is the earliest and most influential agent of socialisation. It teaches children basic values, language, norms, morals, and acceptable behaviour. Through daily interaction, parents and guardians shape a child’s character, beliefs, and understanding of right and wrong. The family provides emotional support, discipline, and cultural heritage. It forms the foundation of personality development and prepares the child for wider social interactions.

(iii) Peer Group: A peer group consists of individuals of similar age or status who share common interests and activities. Peers strongly influence behaviour, fashion, language, relationships, and social habits, especially during adolescence. They provide a sense of belonging and identity. Peer groups can encourage positive traits such as cooperation and confidence, but can also promote negative behaviours if their values are harmful. Their impact is usually powerful.

(iv) Workplace: The workplace socialises individuals into professional norms such as punctuality, teamwork, responsibility, and respect for organisational rules. Employees learn how to relate with colleagues, cooperate to achieve goals, and develop problem-solving skills. The workplace also teaches discipline, leadership, communication, and ethical behaviour. Through training and daily interactions, workers adapt to societal expectations and become productive members contributing to economic and social development.

(v) Religious Organisation: Religious bodies like churches, mosques, and temples teach moral principles, spiritual values, discipline, and respect for others. They help shape character through sermons, teachings, prayers, and community activities. Members learn virtues such as honesty, kindness, humility, and tolerance. Religious organisations discourage immoral behaviour and promote peaceful living. They help guide individuals toward responsible conduct and strengthen the moral fabric of society.

(vi) Social Media: Social media platforms such as WhatsApp, TikTok, Instagram, Facebook, and X influence modern socialisation by shaping communication, relationships, fashion, opinions, and trends. They expose users to global cultures, news, and ideas instantly. Social media can promote learning, creativity, and awareness, but can also spread negative values, misinformation, or peer pressure. Its influence is powerful because young people spend much of their time online engaging with content.

(vii) School: School is a formal agent of socialisation where students learn academic knowledge, discipline, rules, cooperation, and respect for authority. Teachers and classmates help shape behaviour and communication skills. Through classroom activities, clubs, and group work, students develop leadership, confidence, and teamwork. School also teaches national values, citizenship, and responsibilities, preparing individuals to function responsibly in society and contribute to national development.

(viii) Community: The community includes neighbours, local leaders, cultural groups, and social associations that influence behaviour. Through festivals, meetings, traditions, and interactions, individuals learn language, customs, norms, and expected social behaviour. The community reinforces shared values like cooperation, respect, and unity. It teaches identity, belonging, and cultural pride. Community life helps individuals understand their role in society and encourages participation in collective activities.