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Waec 2026 Literature-In-English Answers
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Tuesday, 16th June 2026
Literature-In-English 3 (Drama & Poetry) 2:00pm – 4:30pm
Waec 2026 Literature-In-English Answers
NUMBER 1
(1)
Bosede Ademilua-Afolayan’s Once Upon an Elephant explores themes of greed, betrayal, abuse of trust and the consequences of selfish ambition. One of the major incidents that drives the plot is Serubawon’s betrayal of Iya Agba, a woman who trusted and cared for him. His actions reveal his ingratitude and moral weakness, while also contributing significantly to the conflict in the play.
To begin with, Serubawon betrays Iya Agba by abusing the trust she places in him. Iya Agba treats him with kindness and generosity despite her own challenges. Rather than appreciating her sacrifices, Serubawon becomes driven by personal gain. He chooses to place his interests above loyalty and gratitude. This act of disloyalty demonstrates his selfish nature and shows that he is willing to hurt those who care about him in order to satisfy his ambitions. Through this behaviour, the playwright presents betrayal as a serious moral failure that destroys relationships.
Furthermore, Serubawon’s betrayal is evident in his involvement in the plot against Iya Agba. Instead of protecting her from danger, he aligns himself with individuals whose intentions are harmful. His actions expose Iya Agba to suffering and disappointment. The trust she has invested in him is shattered when she discovers that he has turned against her. The emotional pain caused by this betrayal is significant because it comes from someone she considered dependable. The incident illustrates how betrayal from a trusted person can be more painful than hostility from an enemy.
In addition, Serubawon’s conduct reflects the corrupting influence of greed. He allows the desire for wealth, power and personal advancement to cloud his judgment. Rather than choosing the path of honesty and integrity, he embraces deception. His decisions reveal a lack of moral principles and a willingness to sacrifice human relationships for material benefits. The playwright uses Serubawon’s character to warn against excessive ambition and greed. His betrayal of Iya Agba serves as an example of how the pursuit of selfish interests can lead individuals to commit shameful acts.
More importantly, the betrayal has far-reaching consequences in the play. Iya Agba suffers emotional distress and disappointment because of Serubawon’s actions. The trust that once existed between them is permanently damaged. At the same time, Serubawon’s reputation is affected as his true character becomes known. Those around him begin to see him as dishonest and unreliable. The conflict generated by his betrayal also contributes to the development of the plot and helps to reveal important lessons about loyalty, responsibility and justice.
Equally significant is the fact that Serubawon eventually faces the consequences of his actions. The play shows that betrayal may provide temporary advantages, but it often leads to regret and punishment in the end. His actions do not bring lasting happiness or success. Instead, they expose him to criticism and condemnation. Through this outcome, the playwright reinforces the moral lesson that wrongdoing does not go unpunished and that individuals must be accountable for their choices.
Finally, Serubawon’s betrayal of Iya Agba is a central event in Once Upon an Elephant. By abusing her trust, participating in actions against her, and allowing greed to influence his decisions, he demonstrates a lack of loyalty and integrity. His betrayal causes pain, fuels conflict and ultimately leads to negative consequences for him. Through this episode, Bosede Ademilua-Afolayan emphasizes the importance of gratitude, faithfulness and moral responsibility in human relationships.
Waec 2026 Literature-In-English Answers
NUMBER 2
(2)
Bosede Ademilua-Afolayan’s Once Upon an Elephant explores several social issues, one of which is rape and its devastating effects on individuals and society. Desola’s rape is a major incident in the play that influences the lives of many characters and drives the plot forward. The event exposes the abuse of power, the vulnerability of women, and the moral decay present in society. The consequences of Desola’s rape are far-reaching and affect her emotionally, socially, and psychologically.
To begin with, the rape causes severe emotional and psychological trauma for Desola. Before the incident, she is a young woman with hopes and aspirations. However, after the assault, she becomes deeply hurt and emotionally disturbed. The experience leaves her feeling violated, ashamed, and helpless. She struggles to cope with the painful memory of the attack, and her peace of mind is greatly affected. Through Desola’s suffering, the playwright highlights the lasting emotional scars that rape victims often carry for a long time.
Furthermore, the incident damages Desola’s social image and dignity. In many traditional societies, victims of rape often face stigma and unfair judgment despite being innocent. Desola becomes a subject of discussion and pity among members of the community. Rather than receiving complete sympathy, she has to endure the burden of public scrutiny. This loss of dignity further deepens her pain and makes it difficult for her to return to her normal life. The playwright uses this situation to criticize societal attitudes that tend to blame or stigmatize victims instead of supporting them.
Another significant consequence of the rape is the exposure of moral corruption and abuse of authority within society. The incident reveals how powerful individuals can exploit the weak for personal satisfaction. Through Desola’s ordeal, the audience sees the injustice that often accompanies such crimes, especially when influential people attempt to escape punishment. The event therefore serves as a condemnation of a society where power is sometimes used to oppress rather than protect vulnerable citizens. It also calls attention to the need for justice and accountability.
In addition, the rape creates tension and conflict among the characters. Family members, friends, and members of the community react differently to the incident, leading to disagreements and emotional confrontations. The event becomes a source of bitterness and anger, particularly among those who care about Desola. Relationships are strained as people seek answers and demand justice. This conflict helps to move the action of the play forward and emphasizes the disruptive effect of sexual violence on families and communities.
Equally important, Desola’s rape becomes a catalyst for the pursuit of justice. The incident provokes discussions about right and wrong and encourages some characters to challenge oppression and wrongdoing. As efforts are made to address the crime, the audience is reminded of the importance of standing against injustice. The event therefore contributes to the moral lesson of the play by encouraging society to protect victims and punish offenders appropriately.
Conclusively, Desola’s rape has serious consequences in Once Upon an Elephant. It causes emotional and psychological trauma, damages her dignity, exposes moral corruption, creates conflict within the community, and stimulates the quest for justice. Through this incident, Bosede Ademilua-Afolayan condemns sexual violence and draws attention to the suffering of victims. The playwright ultimately advocates a society where justice prevails and where women are protected from all forms of abuse.
Waec 2026 Literature-In-English Answers
NUMBER 3
(3)
Efoa Sutherland’s The Marriage of Anansewa explores themes of love, greed, marriage and parental responsibility. Although Ananse claims to love his daughter, Anansewa, his actions throughout the play suggest that his love is mixed with selfishness and a desire for material gain. Therefore, Ananse loves Anansewa to a certain extent, but his behaviour often raises doubts about the sincerity and depth of that love.
To begin with, Ananse demonstrates love for Anansewa by investing in her education. He ensures that she acquires formal education and develops useful skills such as typing. At a time when many parents paid little attention to the education of girls, Ananse’s decision reflects concern for his daughter’s future. This shows that he wants her to become independent and successful in life. His efforts suggest that he genuinely cares about her welfare and personal development.
Furthermore, Ananse provides care and guidance for Anansewa as a father. He lives with her and takes responsibility for her upbringing. Throughout the play, he advises her on how to behave in dealing with the chiefs who seek her hand in marriage. His protective attitude in some situations indicates that he does not completely neglect his parental duties. These actions support the view that he has some affection for his daughter.
However, Ananse’s love is limited by his greed and selfishness. Instead of allowing Anansewa to choose a husband based on love and personal preference, he turns her into an object of competition among four chiefs. He sends identical letters to the chiefs and encourages them to compete for her hand in marriage. His main interest is the gifts and wealth he receives from them. By treating his daughter as a means of gaining material benefits, Ananse places his personal interests above her happiness.
In addition, Ananse never seriously considers Anansewa’s feelings regarding marriage. He makes important decisions on her behalf without seeking her opinion. A loving father would be more concerned about his daughter’s wishes and future happiness. Ananse’s failure to involve her in decisions that directly affect her life suggests that his love is overshadowed by his desire for profit and social advancement.
Another indication of Ananse’s selfishness is his deception during the marriage arrangements. He carefully manipulates the chiefs and creates confusion in order to maximize his gains. Even when his actions put Anansewa in an uncomfortable position, he continues with his schemes. His willingness to use his daughter as part of his plans shows that his affection for her is not entirely genuine or selfless.
Nevertheless, it would be unfair to conclude that Ananse does not love Anansewa at all. When the situation becomes complicated, he is concerned about her future and works towards securing a marriage that will bring honour and stability. He does not deliberately seek her destruction or suffering. Rather, his actions stem from a combination of parental concern and excessive greed. This explains why he sometimes appears caring and at other times selfish.
To conclude, Ananse loves Anansewa, but his love is not pure or unconditional. His efforts to educate and care for her show genuine parental affection. However, his greed, manipulation and willingness to use her as a means of obtaining wealth greatly undermine that love. Therefore, Ananse loves Anansewa only to a limited extent because his selfish interests frequently take precedence over her happiness and freedom of choice.
Waec 2026 Literature-In-English Answers
NUMBER 4
(4)
Efua Sutherland’s The Marriage of Anansewa is a dramatic work that draws heavily from the African oral tradition. One of the most important characters in the play is the Storyteller, who serves as a link between the audience and the events of the drama. Through his actions and comments, the Storyteller contributes significantly to the development of the plot, characterization, themes, and overall understanding of the play. His presence gives the drama a traditional African flavour and enhances its entertainment value.
To begin with, the Storyteller introduces and narrates the events of the play. He provides the audience with background information about the characters and situations before the action unfolds. Through his narration, the audience gains a clear understanding of Ananse’s plans to marry off his daughter, Anansewa, to one of the wealthy chiefs seeking her hand in marriage. This role is important because it helps the audience follow the sequence of events without confusion. The Storyteller therefore serves as a guide who directs the audience through the dramatic action.
Furthermore, the Storyteller helps to develop the plot by linking different scenes and events. As the play progresses, he fills in details that may not be acted out on stage and explains developments that occur between scenes. This ensures continuity and smooth movement of the story. His comments make transitions easier and keep the audience informed about important happenings. As a result, the plot remains coherent and engaging from the beginning to the end of the play.
In addition, the Storyteller contributes to the characterization of major figures in the drama. Through his descriptions and remarks, the audience gains deeper insight into the personalities of characters such as Ananse and Anansewa. He reveals Ananse as a cunning, intelligent, and opportunistic man who uses his wit to manipulate situations for personal gain. Likewise, his observations help the audience understand Anansewa’s obedience and respect for her father. By providing these insights, the Storyteller makes the characters more vivid and realistic.
Equally important, the Storyteller promotes the themes of the play. Through his narration and commentary, themes such as greed, deception, marriage, parental authority, and intelligence are emphasized. His explanations help the audience appreciate how Ananse’s desire for wealth motivates his actions. At the same time, the Storyteller highlights the cultural practices associated with marriage and family life in traditional African society. His contribution therefore helps to bring out the central messages of the drama.
Moreover, the Storyteller creates suspense and sustains the audience’s interest. He carefully reveals information at strategic moments, making the audience eager to know what will happen next. For instance, the uncertainty surrounding Ananse’s choice of a suitable chief and the fake death of Anansewa keeps the audience curious throughout the play. By controlling the flow of information, the Storyteller ensures that the dramatic tension is maintained until the resolution of the conflict.
Another notable contribution of the Storyteller is that he preserves the African oral storytelling tradition. He incorporates songs, audience participation, proverbs, and traditional narrative techniques into the play. This gives the drama a unique cultural identity and reflects the richness of African heritage. His presence reminds the audience of the role storytellers play in educating, entertaining, and transmitting cultural values from one generation to another.
Finally, the Storyteller serves as a source of humour and entertainment. His lively narration, witty comments, and interaction with the audience make the play enjoyable. He lightens serious moments and contributes to the comic atmosphere that characterizes much of the drama. This entertainment function helps to sustain audience attention while reinforcing the lessons embedded in the story.
To sum up, the Storyteller plays a vital role in The Marriage of Anansewa. He introduces and narrates events, develops the plot, enhances characterization, promotes the themes, creates suspense, preserves African oral tradition, and provides entertainment. Through these contributions, Efua Sutherland successfully blends traditional storytelling techniques with modern drama, making the Storyteller an indispensable figure in the play.
Waec 2026 Literature-In-English Answers
NUMBER 5
(5)
J. B. Priestley’s An Inspector Calls is a social and moral play that exposes the consequences of selfishness and lack of responsibility. One of the key incidents in the play is Sheila Birling’s anger towards Eva Smith, a young working-class woman. Sheila’s jealousy and irritation lead her to misuse her social influence, causing Eva to lose her job at Milwards. This action has significant effects on Eva’s life and contributes greatly to the tragic chain of events that eventually leads to her death. Priestley uses this incident to highlight the dangers of class privilege and irresponsible behaviour.
To begin with, Sheila’s anger causes Eva Smith to lose her employment at Milwards. When Sheila visits the shop and notices that Eva looks attractive while serving her, she becomes jealous and offended. Although Eva has done nothing wrong, Sheila uses her family’s social status to complain about her. As a result, the management dismisses Eva in order to avoid displeasing an important customer. This dismissal deprives Eva of a stable source of income and marks the beginning of her suffering. Priestley presents this event as an example of how the wealthy often misuse their influence against the less privileged.
Furthermore, the loss of her job places Eva in a difficult financial situation. Since she depends on her wages for survival, her dismissal leaves her without the means to support herself. Finding another suitable job becomes a challenge, and she is forced to struggle to meet her basic needs. The financial hardship that follows exposes the vulnerability of working-class people whose livelihoods can be destroyed by the actions of those in positions of power. Sheila’s anger therefore contributes directly to Eva’s economic difficulties.
In addition, Sheila’s action damages Eva’s chances of improving her condition in life. Eva is described as a hardworking, capable, and attractive young woman who performs her duties efficiently. Her dismissal from Milwards is not based on incompetence but on Sheila’s personal resentment. Consequently, Eva loses an opportunity to build a better future through honest work. Priestley uses this injustice to criticize a society where social status can be used to deny deserving individuals the opportunity to succeed.
More significantly, Sheila’s anger sets in motion the chain of events that eventually destroys Eva’s life. After losing her position at Milwards, Eva encounters further difficulties and becomes involved with other members of the Birling family. Each encounter adds to her suffering and misfortune. The dismissal therefore becomes the first link in a series of events that culminate in her tragic death. Had Sheila not acted out of jealousy, Eva’s life might have followed a different path. This demonstrates how a seemingly minor action can have far-reaching consequences.
Equally important, Sheila’s treatment of Eva later becomes a source of guilt and self-examination. Unlike some members of her family, Sheila recognizes the harm she has caused and accepts responsibility for her actions. She openly admits that her anger led to Eva’s dismissal and expresses sincere regret. Through Sheila’s remorse, Priestley emphasizes the importance of acknowledging one’s mistakes and learning from them. Her reaction contrasts sharply with the attitudes of Mr. and Mrs. Birling, who refuse to accept responsibility.
Moreover, the incident reinforces one of the central themes of the play: social responsibility. Eva suffers because Sheila fails to consider the consequences of her actions. Priestley suggests that individuals must think beyond their personal feelings and recognize their duty towards others. Sheila’s anger serves as a lesson about the dangers of selfishness, prejudice, and abuse of privilege.
In conclusion, Sheila’s anger has devastating effects on Eva Smith. It causes her dismissal from Milwards, leads to financial hardship, destroys her opportunities for advancement, and initiates the chain of events that ends in her death. At the same time, the incident becomes a source of guilt and moral growth for Sheila. Through this episode, Priestley stresses the need for compassion, responsibility, and respect for others regardless of their social status.
Waec 2026 Literature-In-English Answers
NUMBER 6
(6)
J. B. Priestley’s An Inspector Calls explores the themes of responsibility, morality and the consequences of one’s actions. During Inspector Goole’s investigation into the death of Eva Smith, several shocking truths about the Birling family are revealed. One of the most important revelations concerns Eric Birling. Through the Inspector’s inquiry, Eric is exposed as a troubled, irresponsible and guilty young man whose actions contributed significantly to Eva Smith’s suffering and eventual death.
At the beginning of the play, Eric appears quiet, awkward and uncomfortable. Although he is a member of a wealthy family, there are signs that something is troubling him. As the Inspector’s questions continue, it gradually becomes clear that Eric has a secret connection with Eva Smith. This revelation surprises both the audience and the members of his family because they know very little about his private life.
The inquiry reveals that Eric met Eva Smith at the Palace Bar. At the time, he was heavily drunk and behaved irresponsibly towards her. He later admits that he forced his way into her room and began a relationship with her. This confession exposes Eric’s moral weakness and lack of self-control. It also shows how his reckless behaviour affected Eva’s life. Through this revelation, Priestley criticizes the irresponsible actions of privileged young men who exploit vulnerable women.
Another important revelation is that Eric made Eva Smith pregnant. This discovery deepens the seriousness of his involvement in her tragedy. Instead of merely having a brief relationship with her, Eric becomes directly connected to her future. Eva is left in a difficult situation as she now has to face the challenges of pregnancy without adequate support. The revelation increases the audience’s sympathy for Eva and highlights Eric’s responsibility for her suffering.
Furthermore, the Inspector discovers that Eric stole money from his father’s business to help Eva. He admits taking thousands of pounds without permission and giving it to her. Although this action suggests that he wanted to support Eva and their unborn child, it also reveals his dishonesty. Rather than seeking a lawful solution, Eric resorts to theft. This aspect of the inquiry shows that good intentions do not excuse wrongdoing.
The investigation also reveals Eric’s strained relationship with his parents. Throughout the play, it becomes clear that there is little understanding between him and his father. Mr. Birling is more concerned about the family’s reputation than about his son’s emotional struggles. Similarly, Mrs. Birling refuses to accept any responsibility for Eva’s situation. As a result, Eric feels isolated and unsupported. Priestley uses this revelation to criticize families that fail to communicate openly with one another.
Significantly, Eric is one of the few characters who accepts responsibility for his actions after the inquiry. Unlike his parents, who are eager to dismiss the Inspector’s visit once they suspect it may have been a hoax, Eric acknowledges his guilt. He recognizes that his behaviour contributed to Eva’s downfall and expresses genuine remorse. This willingness to learn from his mistakes distinguishes him from the older generation and reinforces Priestley’s message about social responsibility.
In conclusion, Inspector Goole’s inquiry reveals several important truths about Eric Birling. It exposes his irresponsible behaviour, his relationship with Eva Smith, his role in her pregnancy and his theft of money to support her. At the same time, the inquiry shows his capacity for remorse and self-reflection. Through Eric’s character, Priestley emphasizes the importance of accepting responsibility for one’s actions and considering the impact those actions have on others.
Waec 2026 Literature-In-English Answers
NUMBER 7
(7)
Robert Bolt’s A Man for All Seasons is a play that explores the themes of integrity, conscience, power, and loyalty. One important symbol used in the play is the falcon. The falcon appears in a conversation involving Thomas More and is used to illustrate the relationship between individuals and authority. Through this symbol, Bolt conveys important ideas about obedience, freedom, personal conscience, and the abuse of power. The falcon therefore serves as a significant literary device that deepens the audience’s understanding of the play’s central themes.
To begin with, the falcon symbolizes obedience to authority. A falcon is a bird that can be trained to obey its master and return whenever it is called. In the play, this image is used to describe individuals who submit completely to those in power. Just as a trained falcon follows the commands of its owner, some characters willingly obey King Henry VIII without questioning the morality of his demands. Through this symbolism, Bolt highlights the expectation of unquestioning loyalty that exists within the political system of the time.
Furthermore, the falcon represents the relationship between power and control. A falconer controls the movements of the bird and determines its actions. Similarly, powerful rulers often seek to control the behaviour and decisions of their subjects. King Henry VIII expects his officials and friends to support his desire to divorce Queen Catherine and marry Anne Boleyn. Those around him are pressured to conform to his wishes regardless of their personal beliefs. The falcon therefore becomes a symbol of the dominance exercised by authority figures over others.
In addition, the symbol emphasizes the conflict between individual conscience and political loyalty. Unlike many characters who choose obedience, Thomas More refuses to surrender his conscience to the king. He believes that a person must remain faithful to moral principles even when faced with intense pressure. Through the image of the falcon, Bolt contrasts blind obedience with independent judgment. More refuses to become a falcon that merely follows commands because he values his conscience above personal gain or political favour.
Equally important, the falcon symbolizes the loss of personal freedom. A trained falcon may appear free because it can fly through the sky, but it remains tied to the will of its master. In the same way, many characters in the play seem powerful and influential, yet they are constrained by their desire to please the king. Their actions are dictated by political interests rather than personal convictions. This symbolism suggests that true freedom lies not in social status but in the ability to act according to one’s conscience.
Moreover, the falcon highlights Thomas More’s exceptional character. While others choose convenience and safety by supporting the king, More remains steadfast in his beliefs. He refuses to compromise his principles even when doing so would save his position and eventually his life. Through the contrast between More and those who behave like obedient falcons, Bolt presents More as a man of integrity and moral courage. The symbol therefore reinforces his role as the central moral figure in the play.
Another significant use of the falcon is its contribution to the theme of corruption. Characters such as Richard Rich abandon their principles in exchange for rewards and advancement. They allow themselves to be manipulated by those in authority and become instruments of political ambition. The falcon image illustrates how individuals can sacrifice their independence and moral values in pursuit of personal benefits. Bolt uses this symbolism to criticize opportunism and moral weakness.
Conclusively, the falcon is a powerful symbol in A Man for All Seasons. It represents obedience to authority, power and control, the conflict between conscience and loyalty, the loss of freedom, Thomas More’s integrity, and the corruption of those who abandon their principles. Through this symbol, Robert Bolt effectively communicates the play’s major themes and emphasizes the importance of remaining true to one’s conscience even in the face of overwhelming pressure. The falcon thus plays a vital role in enriching the meaning and message of the drama.
Waec 2026 Literature-In-English Answers
NUMBER 8
(8)
Robert Bolt’s A Man for All Seasons explores the themes of conscience, integrity, power and justice. Through the character of Thomas More, the playwright presents the conflict between personal beliefs and the demands of society. More is a man who remains faithful to his principles even when those around him expect him to act differently. His refusal to abandon his convictions brings him into conflict with the King, the government and even some of his friends and family. Thus, Thomas More clearly depicts the clash between personal convictions and societal expectations.
To begin with, Thomas More is guided by his conscience rather than by public opinion. He strongly believes that King Henry VIII’s decision to separate from the Roman Catholic Church and marry Anne Boleyn is wrong. Although many influential people support the King’s actions, More refuses to approve of them because they go against his religious beliefs. While society expects him to support the King, he chooses to remain loyal to his conscience. This decision marks the beginning of his conflict with the authorities.
In addition, More’s resignation as Lord Chancellor highlights the struggle between personal conviction and public expectation. As Lord Chancellor, he occupies one of the highest offices in England and is expected to support the King’s policies. However, when he realizes that remaining in office would force him to act against his beliefs, he resigns. Many people see this decision as unreasonable because it costs him power, influence and wealth. Nevertheless, More values his principles more than worldly success.
Another way More depicts this clash is through his refusal to take the Oath of Supremacy. The oath requires citizens to acknowledge Henry VIII as the Supreme Head of the Church in England. Society expects loyal subjects to swear the oath without hesitation. More, however, cannot do so because it contradicts his religious convictions. Even though his refusal places him in danger, he remains firm. His decision demonstrates his commitment to personal integrity despite intense social and political pressure.
Furthermore, More’s relationship with his family reflects the tension between conviction and expectation. His wife, Alice, and his daughter, Margaret, struggle to understand why he refuses to compromise. They fear for his safety and urge him to be practical. From their perspective, society expects him to adapt in order to protect himself and his family. More, however, believes that abandoning his conscience would be a greater loss than imprisonment or death. This difference in outlook creates emotional conflict within his household.
Similarly, More’s conflict with characters such as Cromwell and Rich further illustrates the theme. Cromwell represents political power and expects More to obey the wishes of the King. Rich, on the other hand, abandons moral principles in pursuit of advancement and rewards. Unlike these men, More refuses to sacrifice his beliefs for personal gain. Through this contrast, Bolt shows the difference between a man guided by conscience and those who conform to societal demands for power and success.
Most importantly, More’s trial and execution reveal the extent of his commitment to his convictions. Even when faced with death, he refuses to betray his beliefs. The court, influenced by political interests, expects him to submit to the King’s authority. Instead, More remains faithful to his conscience until the very end. His willingness to die for his principles makes him a symbol of integrity and moral courage.
In essence, Thomas More vividly portrays the clash between personal convictions and societal expectations in A Man for All Seasons. His opposition to the King’s actions, resignation from office, refusal to take the oath and acceptance of death all demonstrate his commitment to conscience. Through More’s character, Robert Bolt emphasizes that true integrity requires individuals to remain faithful to their beliefs, even when society demands otherwise.
Waec 2026 Literature-In-English Answers
NUMBER 9
(9)
Syl Cheney-Coker’s The Breast of the Sea is a reflective poem that presents the sea as a witness to human activities across different ages. The poet employs allusion extensively to enrich the poem and draw attention to significant historical, biblical, scientific, and political events. Through these references, he reveals the relationship between humanity and the sea while exposing the suffering, achievements, and failures of mankind. The use of allusion broadens the scope of the poem and deepens its message.
One notable allusion in the poem is the reference to Noah. This biblical allusion recalls the story of Noah and the great flood. According to the Bible, God used water to destroy a sinful world while preserving Noah and his family. By referring to Noah, the poet presents the sea as an ancient force that has witnessed both destruction and salvation. The allusion also reminds readers of humanity’s tendency to repeat mistakes despite lessons from the past.
Another important allusion is the mention of the Middle Passage. This historical reference points to the trans-Atlantic slave trade during which millions of Africans were transported across the Atlantic Ocean under terrible conditions. Many died during the journey and were buried in the sea. Through this allusion, the poet highlights the horrors of slavery and the suffering of Africans. The sea is portrayed as a silent observer that carries painful memories of oppression and injustice.
The poet also alludes to Charles Darwin, the scientist associated with the theory of evolution. This scientific allusion points to humanity’s efforts to explore and understand nature. By mentioning Darwin’s investigations, the poet shows that the sea has been a source of knowledge and discovery. At the same time, the allusion suggests that despite scientific progress, human beings still struggle with greed, violence, and environmental destruction.
Similarly, the reference to the coelacanth serves as another scientific allusion. The coelacanth is a rare fish once believed to be extinct but later rediscovered. This allusion emphasizes the mystery and resilience of nature. It demonstrates that the sea still holds secrets beyond human understanding and reinforces the idea that nature can survive despite human interference.
Another significant allusion is the reference to the Titanic. The Titanic was a luxurious ship that sank after striking an iceberg in 1912. By mentioning this tragedy, the poet criticizes human pride and excessive confidence in technology. The allusion reminds readers that no matter how advanced human achievements may seem, nature remains powerful and unpredictable.
The poem further contains geographical and political allusions to places such as Sierra Leone and East Timor, which have experienced conflict and suffering. Through these references, the poet expands the poem beyond personal experience to address global issues. The allusions show that the sea has witnessed wars, displacement, and human misery in different parts of the world.
Finally, the various allusions contribute significantly to the themes of memory and history in the poem. The sea becomes a vast archive that preserves records of human triumphs and tragedies. By connecting biblical, historical, scientific, and political events, Cheney-Coker demonstrates that the sea links the past with the present. Thus, the extensive use of allusion enriches the poem, strengthens its themes, and helps readers appreciate the enduring relationship between humanity and the sea.
Waec 2026 Literature-In-English Answers
NUMBER 10
(10)
S.O.H. Afriyie-Vidza’s Hearty Garlands is a celebratory poem that presents garlands as symbols of joy, honour, appreciation and communal harmony. The poet uses vivid imagery and uplifting tone to praise the beauty of life and the positive values that bind human beings together. Through the idea of garlands, the poem captures moments of happiness, cultural pride, and gratitude, showing how people celebrate achievements, relationships, and divine blessings. The poem therefore becomes a reflection of both personal and collective joy in human existence.
One of the things celebrated in the poem is the beauty of nature and the environment. The poet presents nature as a source of inspiration and delight, using images of flowers, freshness, and natural splendour that are used in making garlands. These natural elements symbolize purity, peace, and renewal. By celebrating nature, the poet reminds readers of the importance of appreciating the environment as a gift that sustains life and enhances human happiness.
Another important celebration in the poem is human relationships, especially love, friendship, and unity. The garlands are used as tokens of affection and respect, exchanged among people to show appreciation and emotional connection. The poet highlights how communities come together in moments of joy to strengthen bonds and promote harmony. This celebration of human togetherness reflects the importance of mutual care and understanding in building a peaceful society.
In addition, the poem celebrates cultural traditions and social ceremonies. Garlands are associated with festivals, weddings, coronations, and other communal gatherings where people honour achievements and mark important milestones. Through this, the poet emphasizes the richness of cultural heritage and the role of tradition in preserving identity. The use of garlands becomes a symbol of continuity, linking the past with the present through shared customs and values.
The poet also celebrates gratitude and appreciation for life’s blessings. The act of presenting garlands signifies thanksgiving for success, protection, and prosperity. It reflects a spirit of humility and recognition that life’s achievements are not taken for granted. The poet encourages a mindset of gratitude, where individuals acknowledge both human effort and divine favour in their accomplishments and experiences.
Furthermore, there is a celebration of peace, hope, and positivity throughout the poem. The garlands symbolize joy that replaces sorrow and unity that overcomes division. The poet presents a world where happiness can be shared and where human beings can rise above conflict to embrace harmony. This uplifting message reinforces the idea that life should be approached with optimism and a sense of shared humanity.
Finally, Hearty Garlands celebrates the totality of human existence through symbols of beauty, culture, relationships, and gratitude. The poet uses garlands not only as decorative objects but as powerful representations of love, honour, and communal joy. Ultimately, the poem teaches that life is meaningful when people celebrate one another, appreciate nature, and uphold cultural and moral values that promote unity and happiness in society.
Waec 2026 Literature-In-English Answers
NUMBER 11
(11)
Seamus Heaney’s Digging is a poem that explores the themes of family heritage, hard work and personal identity. In the poem, the poet reflects on the farming tradition of his father and grandfather while explaining why he has chosen a different path as a writer. One of the literary devices that contributes to the vividness of the poem is onomatopoeia. Onomatopoeia is the use of words that imitate the natural sounds associated with the actions or objects they describe. Through this device, Heaney creates realistic images and helps the reader experience the activities taking place in the poem.
To begin with, the expression “a clean rasping sound” is a good example of onomatopoeia in the poem. The word “rasping” imitates the rough sound made when a spade cuts through gravelly ground. By using this sound effect, the poet allows the reader to hear the action taking place. The word not only creates an auditory image but also emphasizes the physical effort involved in digging. This helps to portray the father as a hardworking and skilled farmer.
Furthermore, the phrase “the squelch and slap” serves as another example of onomatopoeia. These words imitate the sounds produced when the spade strikes wet soil and mud. The sounds are realistic and help the reader imagine the working conditions on the farm. Through these expressions, Heaney brings the farming scene to life and makes the description more vivid and memorable. The reader almost feels present in the field, listening to the movement of the spade through the earth.
Another important use of onomatopoeia can be seen in the word “nicking.” The sound suggested by this word reflects the sharp contact between the spade and the roots or soil. It gives a sense of precision and skill in the farmer’s work. By choosing such a word, the poet highlights the expertise of his father and grandfather, who perform their tasks with remarkable efficiency. The sound effect adds realism to the poem and deepens the reader’s appreciation of their labour.
In addition, onomatopoeia contributes to the poem’s nostalgic tone. As the poet hears and remembers the sounds associated with digging, he recalls scenes from his childhood. The sounds help to connect the present with the past, allowing him to relive memories of watching his father and grandfather at work. Because these sounds are so vivid, the memories become more powerful and meaningful. The device therefore plays a significant role in developing the reflective mood of the poem.
Moreover, the use of onomatopoeia helps to reinforce one of the major themes of the poem, which is respect for manual labour. The sounds of digging remind the poet of the dedication and strength of his ancestors. Although he does not follow the farming profession, he admires their hard work. The realistic sound effects make their labour appear noble and worthy of recognition. As a result, the reader gains a deeper understanding of the poet’s admiration for his family heritage.
Finally, the sound patterns created through onomatopoeia help to make the poem more engaging. Instead of merely describing the activities, Heaney allows the reader to hear them. This enriches the poem and strengthens its emotional impact. The sounds create a lively atmosphere that captures the attention of the reader from beginning to end.
In conclusion, onomatopoeia is effectively used in Digging to create vivid sound effects, enhance imagery and bring the farming scenes to life. Words such as “rasping,” “squelch,” “slap,” and “nicking” imitate real sounds associated with digging and help the reader appreciate the hard work of the poet’s father and grandfather. Through this device, Heaney successfully develops the themes of family heritage, labour and personal identity.
Waec 2026 Literature-In-English Answers
NUMBER 12
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Lord Byron’s She Walks in Beauty is a lyrical poem in which the poet expresses his admiration for a beautiful woman. The poem presents beauty as a combination of outward attractiveness and inner goodness. Byron does not merely focus on the lady’s physical appearance; he also draws attention to the qualities of character reflected in her looks. Four major aspects of her beauty are her physical attractiveness, the harmony of her features, her inner purity, and her serenity.
To begin with, the lady possesses outstanding physical beauty. The poet is immediately captivated by her appearance and compares her to a beautiful night filled with stars. This comparison suggests that she is radiant, graceful, and pleasing to behold. Her beauty stands out naturally and attracts admiration without any effort. Byron’s description of her appearance creates the impression of a woman whose attractiveness is both rare and remarkable.
Furthermore, the poet emphasizes the harmony and balance of her features. According to him, “all that’s best of dark and bright” meet in her appearance and her eyes. This means that her beauty results from a perfect blend of contrasting qualities. Neither darkness nor brightness overwhelms the other; instead, both exist in ideal proportion. The balance of her features contributes significantly to her attractiveness and gives her a sense of perfection that the poet deeply admires.
Another important aspect of the lady’s beauty is her inner purity and innocence. Byron suggests that her facial expressions reveal a heart free from evil intentions. Her thoughts are described as “serenely sweet,” indicating goodness, sincerity, and moral cleanliness. The poet believes that true beauty comes not only from outward appearance but also from inner virtue. As a result, the lady’s innocence becomes an essential element of her charm and attractiveness.
Equally important is her calm and peaceful nature. The poet observes a sense of tranquility in her smile and facial expressions. She appears free from anxiety, bitterness, or emotional disturbance. Her peaceful disposition enhances her beauty and makes her even more admirable. Byron presents her serenity as evidence of a well-balanced and contented life. This calmness distinguishes her from ordinary individuals and contributes greatly to the ideal image created in the poem.
In conclusion, Lord Byron presents the lady as a model of perfect beauty. Her physical attractiveness, the harmony of her features, her inner purity, and her serenity combine to make her exceptional. Through these four aspects, the poet demonstrates that genuine beauty involves both outward charm and inward goodness.
DRAMA & POETRY ⤵️
Waec 2026 Literature-In-English Answers
Waec 2026 Literature-In-English Answers
Waec 2026 Literature-In-English Answers
Waec 2026 Literature-In-English Answers
Waec 2026 Literature-In-English Answers
Waec 2026 Literature-In-English Answers