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Wednesday, 12th November, 2025
Government 2 (Essay)  2pm – 4pm.
Government 1 (Objective)  4pm – 5pm

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GOVERNMENT OBJ:

Pls Kindly Trace It From Your System. The options are being reshuffled YOU might see number one as any number so trace

1; (C) an enduring institution that persists beyond changes in government.

2; (A) operate independently to ensure checks and balances among branches

3; (C) integrate the colonies into a greater French empire through assimilation.

4; (A) Side-stepping democratic processes and institutions

5; (C) Difficulty in achieving consensus among member states

6; (C) Separation of powers and legal framework

7; (A) Legal framework

8; (B) Pursuit of independence and self-determination

9; (A) authority

10; (D) Native party

11: (A) Elite party.

12: (A) conducting executive functions.

13: (B) ensuring all political opinions are represented without restriction.

14: (B) Facilitating political competition and representation

15: (B) Dejure one-party system.

16: (B) Enhanced civic engagement and informed citizens

17: (D) capturing of proceedings in parliament.

18: (B) people

19: (B) protection of individual rights and freedoms.

20: (A) Drive economic growth in their mandated area of operation

21: (C) Deliberate promotion of national unity and cultural identity

22: (A) societal grouping

23: (C) fostering a strong national identity and cultural unification.

24: (C) Improved regional cooperation and integration

25: (A) Inconsistent political leadership among member countries

26: (A) should only focus on regulatory functions.

27: (A) electorate

28: (A) Authoritarian rule and class system

29: (A) written and collected in a single document.

30: (A) determines who takes charge of the allocation of public resources.

31: (B) Executive and its assigns.

32: (D) Obligation to pay taxes

33: (C) criticism of government policies only.

34: (B) It possesses potential for global political power and economic growth but ineffective in its use

35: (A) provides a platform for shared growth.

36: (A) Face challenges in maintaining regional stability due to external influences

37: D. platform for promoting rights without corresponding duties

38: (C) public and citizens.

39: (B) medium for enforcing laws and maintaining social order.

40: (A) Education

41; What is the highest form of allegiance a citizen can show to the state?

Answer: (b) Voting in national elections and defense of the state

42; Which of the following issues is the major cause of local government not being able to achieve the desired results in many West African States?

Answer: (A) Undefined mandate

43; In what unique way does public opinion help shape democratic discourse? By

Answer: (C) lobbying policy makers to prioritize issues based on voter sentiments.

44; In colonial societies of West Africa, the traditional overlord or the monarch arrives at decisions of governance with which institution of state? The

Answer: (B) Council of Elders.

45; Pre-colonial political systems and modern democracy

Answer: (b) promotion of community participation in decision-making by the elite.

46; Which type of constitution does not require a special procedure for its amendment?

Answer: (B) Flexible constitution

47; What essential role does the media play in maintaining a democratic political system?

Answer: (B) Influencing public opinion

48; what can be said to be a major disadvantage of the Colonial political administration in West Africa prior to independence?

Answer: (B) Erosion of indigenous political authority

49; The Acts of Parliament is also commonly referred to as

Answer: (D) Statutes

50; The S administers justice through which institution? The

Answer: (D) Judiciary

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THEORY PART

(3)
(i) Policy formulation and advice: Civil servants assist political leaders by researching, analyzing, and providing expert advice on policies. They prepare policy documents, draft proposals, and ensure that decisions are informed by facts and technical knowledge.

(ii) Implementation of government policies: Once policies are approved, civil servants are responsible for putting them into action. They organize resources, coordinate activities, and oversee programs to ensure that government plans are executed effectively and efficiently.

(iii) Administration and management of public services: Civil servants manage day-to-day operations of government ministries, departments, and agencies. They ensure that services such as education, health, transportation, and security are delivered to the public in a systematic and organized manner.

(iv) Regulation and enforcement of laws: Civil servants ensure that government regulations and laws are applied consistently. They monitor compliance, enforce rules, and take corrective actions where necessary, helping maintain order and uphold the rule of law.

(v) Continuity and stability of government: Civil servants provide institutional memory and maintain continuity when political leadership changes. Their expertise and experience help preserve stability in government operations, ensuring that public administration continues smoothly regardless of political transitions.

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(4) (PICK FIVE ONLY)
(i) Promotion of Checks and Balances: The second chamber helps to check the excesses of the lower chamber (House of Representatives) and the executive arm. This ensures that no single organ of government becomes too powerful, thereby strengthening democracy and accountability.

(ii) Representation of States Equally: In Nigeria’s federal structure, the Senate ensures equal representation of all states, regardless of population size. Each state has the same number of senators, promoting fairness and protecting the interests of smaller states.

(iii) Quality Legislation: Having a second chamber allows bills and policies passed by the lower chamber to undergo further scrutiny, debate, and amendment. This double-checking process improves the quality and effectiveness of laws enacted.

(iv) Prevention of Hasty Legislation: The Senate serves as a reviewing body that carefully examines proposed laws, preventing rash or poorly thought-out legislation that might harm national interests.

(v) Promotion of Political Stability: By allowing wider consultation and deliberation before passing laws, the second chamber reduces political tension and promotes consensus-building among different political groups and regions.

(vi) Protection of Minority Interests: The Senate provides a platform where minority groups and less populous regions can express their views and defend their interests, thereby promoting inclusiveness and national unity.

(vii) Support for National Integration: Through equal state representation, the second chamber encourages cooperation among diverse ethnic and regional groups, fostering unity and a stronger sense of belonging within the federation.

(viii) Oversight and Accountability Functions: The Senate plays a vital role in overseeing the activities of the executive arm, approving key appointments, and investigating government actions, thereby enhancing transparency and good governance.

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Waec GCE 2025 Government Question And Answer By EXAMRUNZ.COM

NUMBER (5)
(i) Promoting government accountability: Political parties serve as intermediaries between citizens and government, monitoring government actions and policy implementation. By holding elected officials accountable for their promises and actions, parties help reduce corruption and inefficiency, thus fostering a development-friendly environment.

(ii) Facilitating citizen representation and participation: Parties aggregate public interests and mobilize voters, ensuring that diverse social groups have a voice in government. This inclusive participation enhances social cohesion and guides government development policies toward the real needs of the population.

(iii) Ensuring government stability: A functioning party system creates continuity and predictability in governance, enabling long-term planning and policy consistency. Stable governments can better implement development programs without frequent disruptions caused by political crises.

(iv) Recruiting and socializing leadership: Political parties identify and train leaders who have the vision and skills to design and manage development projects. This leadership pipeline strengthens institutional capacity and improves governance quality over time.

(v) Organizing legislative priorities: Parties coordinate legislative activities, helping to set development-focused agendas and pass laws efficiently. By aligning party members around common goals, they facilitate the enactment and oversight of policies that drive economic and social progress.

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(6) (PICK FIVE ONLY)

(i) Community Mobilization: Traditional rulers can help mobilize their subjects for government programs such as immunization, education, and environmental sanitation. Their influence ensures faster acceptance and participation in development projects.

(ii) Conflict Resolution: By settling local disputes through traditional methods, traditional rulers help maintain peace and order, creating a stable environment necessary for development to thrive.

(iii) Preservation of Culture and Values: Traditional authorities promote moral values, discipline, and respect for laws, which reduce crime and corruption, thereby enhancing social development.

(iv) Link Between Government and the People: Traditional rulers act as intermediaries between local communities and the government, helping to communicate policies effectively and ensuring that development projects meet grassroots needs.

(v) Promotion of Rural Development: They can identify the specific needs of their communities and advocate for government and non-governmental support in areas such as roads, healthcare, and schools.

(vi) Encouragement of Civic Responsibility: Traditional rulers can use their authority to encourage citizens to pay taxes, participate in elections, and obey laws, which strengthens governance and development.

(vii) Support in Security Maintenance: Through their close connection with local communities, traditional rulers can provide intelligence to security agencies to combat crime and ensure a safer environment for development activities.

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NUMBER (8)
(i)Strong democratic institutions: Establishing and strengthening independent judiciaries, legislatures, and electoral bodies provides a legitimate framework for governance that is less susceptible to military usurpation.

(ii)Professionalized and apolitical military forces: Ensuring the military is loyal to the constitution and civilian authority, rather than to individuals or political factions, through professional training, proper oversight, and adherence to a strict code of conduct.

(iii)Economic development and poverty reduction: Addressing socio-economic grievances and inequality reduces the instability and public discontent that often provide a pretext or opportunity for military intervention.

(iv)Regional cooperation and adherence to democratic norms: Active participation in regional bodies like ECOWAS and the African Union, which have protocols against unconstitutional changes of government, creates external pressure and a collective security framework to deter coups.

(v)Robust civil society and media oversight: Empowering independent civil society organizations and a free press to monitor governance, expose corruption, and mobilize public opinion against military overreach helps hold civilian leaders accountable and builds resilience against undemocratic forces.

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(9) (PICK FIVE ONLY)

(i) Limited Participation in Governance: The British restricted Nigerians from holding key administrative positions, which denied them the experience and confidence needed for effective self-government after independence.

(ii) Regional Division and Rivalry: The introduction of regionalism through colonial policies encouraged ethnic and regional divisions that later weakened national unity and political stability.

(iii) Lack of Democratic Training: The colonial administration was largely authoritarian, offering little or no opportunity for Nigerians to learn the principles of democracy, accountability, and good governance.

(iv) Economic Exploitation Over Development: British policies prioritized the extraction of resources for Britain’s benefit, neglecting social and political structures that could have supported Nigeria’s long-term development.

(v) Suppression of Nationalist Movements: The British often arrested or harassed nationalist leaders and restricted political activities, slowing down the growth of political awareness and organization.

(vi) Indirect Rule System: The system strengthened traditional rulers loyal to the colonial masters instead of promoting modern democratic institutions, thereby delaying political modernization.

(vii) Unequal Development Among Regions: British administrative and educational policies favored the South over the North, creating imbalances that later caused political tension and mistrust.

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NUMBER (10)
(i)Economic Interdependence: Globalization increases Nigeria’s economic ties with other nations, making foreign policy decisions sensitive to international market dynamics, trade agreements, and foreign investment flows.

(ii)Security Challenges: Transnational threats like terrorism, piracy, and cybercrime, which are facilitated by globalization, necessitate international cooperation and shape Nigeria’s security-focused foreign policy strategies.

(iii)Technological Advancements: Rapid global communication and information sharing influence public opinion and diplomatic negotiations, requiring Nigeria to adapt its foreign policy to leverage technology for national interests.

(iv)Environmental Concerns: Global issues such as climate change and resource management become part of the foreign policy agenda, as Nigeria participates in international agreements and seeks to address shared environmental challenges.

(v)Promotion of Democratic Values: Globalization fosters the spread of universal values like human rights and democracy, which can influence Nigeria’s diplomatic relations and its engagement with international bodies regarding governance standards.